Concepts of Petroleum Geology and Basic Rock Properties
Petroleum is not found in underground lakes or rivers, but it exists within the void space of certain rocks. Unfortunately, these oil-bearing rocks are a definite minority, and the determination of their whereabouts is the basic problem confronting geologists and geophysicists. The mechanism of the origin and accumulation of petroleum is not completely understood and is the subject of much controversy. However, a great deal has been learned about the habitat of oil and gas, i.e., the nature of...
I I 1
3. Aromatics benzene series having the general formula C H2 _6. These compounds are chemically active and contain the benzene ring. The simplest member is In addition to hydrocarbons, petroleum may contain numerous impurities such as carbon dioxide C02 , hydrogen sulfide H2S , and other complex compounds of nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen. When it is considered that any particular crude oil may contain a portion of each of the listed hydrocarbon series plus numerous impurities, and that its...
Engine Control Instrument 1
Fig. 6.23. Aerated mud system. After Bobo, Ormsby, and Houch,42 courtesy Oil and Gas Journal. 2 greater safety quick weight buildup is quickly obtained by shutting off the injected air. Explosions and or fire possibilities are minimized by the water in the mixture. A typical layout for this method is shown in Figure 6.23. Air is injected into the system between the mud pumps and the standpipe. The air-mud ratio may be controlled by increasing or reducing inputs of each fluid. Such a system is...
Chart For Determination Of
HOLE CURVATURE DOG-LEG SEVERITY DEGREES PER 100 FT. Fig. 9.20. Solution of Example 9.12. advantages which may be derived from closer producer-drilling contractor cooperation in developing modern contract specifications. The general purpose of directional drilling is to place the bottom of a well under an inaccessible surface location. In such drilling, both the vertical and horizontal deviation are carefully controlled within pre-computed limits. Some specific applications of directional...
Thousand Lb Wt
Fig. 8.8. The effect of bit loading on penetration rate for various rocks. Laboratory data atmospheric pressure. Courtesy Hughes Tool Company.10 Again, the true relationship may be obscured by the hole cleaning variable. A satisfactory nozzle velocity at 100 rpm may not be adequate at 200 rpm, since at the latter speed a cutting has only half as much time to clear bottom prior to the next tooth impact. The Battelle Institute study2'3 set forth a formula for a rate of advance predicting...
Piling Pius Hull Support
Fig. 5.17. Classification of offshore mobile drilling units. After Howe,12 courtesy API. which includes the mud pits, supplies dry mud, chemicals, etc. , pipe racks, cementing equipment, fuel and water, and crew quarters. The principal advantages of these installations are greater mobility and lower installation costs. A disadvantage is the higher percentage of lost time due to high wind and waves during periods of rough weather, the tenders must pull away to prevent collision with the...
rS ftsec ftmin
In practice, a general rule of thumb figure for annular velocity is from 2000 to 4000 ft min, with an average of 3000 ft min. This is adequate to lift f- to -in. spherical cuttings at low pressures and temperatures. Although most air drilled cuttings are quite small actually dust particle size when they reach the surface, this does not mean they were that small when they left bottom. The milling action of the drill string in the dry hole and impacts with other cuttings probably are largely...
FINDING Rwe
Fig. 11.7 A . Charts for R determinations using the SP curve. Courtesy Schlumberger Fig. 11.7 A . Charts for R determinations using the SP curve. Courtesy Schlumberger 5. In order that Figure 11.6 may be used to evaluate the SSP, Entering Figure 11.6 at h 32, proceeding upward to a resistivity Ri must be known. This determination will be Ri Rm 33, and extrapolating horizontally to the left explained in the next section. For now let us assume it is ordinate, we obtain a value of SP 99 and a...
a G lml SmP MCFAcreft
In addition to being porous, a reservoir rock must be permeable that is, it must allow fluids to flow through its pore network at practical rates under reasonable pressure differentials. Permeability is defined as a measure of a rock's ability to transmit fluids. The quantitative definition of permeability was first given in an empirical relationship developed by the French hydrologist Henry D'Arcy who studied the flow of water through unconsolidated sands. This law in its differential form is...
pV znRT
where p pressure, absolute V - volume n number of mols R gas constant T absolute temperature z deviation also called compressibility factor to account for the difference between actual and ideal gas volumes. The value of R is dependent on the system of units used, as given in Table 1.2. Values of the Gas Constant R for Different Values of p, V, and T Values of the Gas Constant R for Different Values of p, V, and T 5000 6000 7000 8000 500 I000 1500 PRESSURE P.S.I. A.
nnun wmmmmumn
Fig. 2.8. Flow between plates as means of defining viscosity. Lower plate is stationary. Fluid velocity between plates varies from v at top to zero at bottom. shearing stress rate of shearing strain 3. Combination traps traps having both structural and stratigraphic features. Virtually all conceivable trap forms have been found in nature and are covered in detail in a number of petroleum geology texts. Only two typical examples of each type are shown here in Figure 2.9. A feature of all traps...
Ii Number Of Cleaning Cycles 1
Fig. 10.7. Special apparatus for cleaning whole core samples. After Stewart and Spurlock,5 Fig. 10.8. Operation of two cell Boyle's law porosimeter. Fig. 10.8. Operation of two cell Boyle's law porosimeter. shown in Figure 10.8 is well known and illustrates the principle involved.7'8 Two cells of known volumes, Vl and V2, are connected to a source of gas pressure G as shown in the diagram. The connecting valve B between the cells is closed and cell 1 is filled to an initial absolute pressure Pi...
Idealized Diagram Of Oriented Bentonite Particles To Form Dispersed Flocs In A
Fig. 6.17. Idealized dispersion states of bentonite particles in dispersed, flocculated, and 6.51 Salt Section Hole Enlargement In many areas considerable thicknesses of rock salt must be penetrated. Solution and erosion of these beds can cause excessive hole enlargement which in turn may be a source of future trouble and expense. 1 In case of drill string failure, the enlarged hole makes fishing operations attempts to retrieve the drill string exceedingly difficult. 2 Larger mud volumes are...
Carl Gatlin 1
Department of Petroleum Engineering, The University of Texas I960, by PRENTICE-HALL, INC. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing from the publishers Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 60-6874 Current printing last digit 13 12 11 printed in the united states of america
Coring and Core Analysis
Analyses of rock samples yield data basic to the evaluation of the productive potential of a hydrocarbon reservoir. Bit cuttings are, of course, rock samples their small size, however, precludes their furnishing more than qualitative information. The desire to obtain and examine larger, unbroken pieces of reservoir rock led to the development of coring techniques, by which relatively large reservoir rock samples are obtained, either from the bottom during drilling, or from the side of the bore...
Pounds Solids Per Barrel Of Mud
A GOOD SALT CLAY IN SALT WATER APPROXIMATES THE B EN TON I TE YIELD CURVE IN FRESH WATER Fig. 6.12. Yield curves for typical clays.4 which make their use advantageous. Common chemical treatments will be mentioned for each of these muds and reference will be made to the mud additives listed in Table 6.2. The complexity of drilling mud chemistry is such that it cannot be covered in the allotted space, and the interested reader is referred to Rogers' text6 as a starting point. Seemingly, no...
PRESSURE PSIA Ovl
3. a What is the density of a miscellaneous 0.90 gravity gas at 2000 psia and 150 F z 0.67 from Figure 1.11 then, using Eq. 1.4 , pM _ 2000 29 0.90 _ zRT 0.67 10.7 610 1L lb it b What is the specific volume at these conditions 11 p 1L9 4. A cylindrical tank contains miscellaneous 0.80 gravity gas at 2500 psia and 100 F. The volume of the tank is 10 ft3. a How many mols of gas are in the tank b What standard volume of gas is this V _ PV Ts 2500 10 520 zT V 0.67 560 14.7
Factors Affecting Penetration Rate
Contract drilling prices have remained essentially constant over the last ten or fifteen years despite the fact that the greatest inflationary period in United States history has occurred during the same time. This unique price stability has been due, largely, to the highly competitive and resourceful nature of the drilling industry in general, and to the rig floor, desk, and laboratory thinking and experimentation which has resulted in improved techniques and equipment for making hole faster....
Weight Lb 1
Fig. 8.13. Drilling practice curves showing applied range of weight and rotary speed combinations. Courtesy Hughes Tool Company. Curves of constant weight-speed product have been added as follows 7f to 7f 8 to 9 9f to 9 10f to 12j 3.6 X 106 lb-rpm 4.0 X 106 4.8 X 10 6.4 X 10 Acceptable values of K will, in general, vary with bit size, since the smaller bits will not tolerate unit loadings as high as will the larger sizes. For the size range shown, however, there appears to be little difference...
Info Qbn
Net metallic area of any cable Cd , where d nominal rope diameter, in. Table reproduced by courtesy of the Bethlehem Steel Co. The cable tool drilling line is spooled on the bull wheel, passed over a sheave at the top of the derrick, and suspended from the walking beam by the temper screw where the driller pays it out as drilling progresses. This line is subjected to extremely severe service. It must not only support the tools plus its own weight, but is also subjected to the jarring,...
Wenht With No Stamuzerthousand Pounds 1
WCMMT WITH STABILIZER- THOUSANO POUNDS NOTE CUHVC FO MX Mill FOLLOW MSMCO CURVC M WCMMT WITH STABILIZER- THOUSANO POUNDS NOTE CUHVC FO MX Mill FOLLOW MSMCO CURVC M
Cable Tool Drilling
The first oil well in the United States was drilled with cable tools in 1859 to a depth of 65 feet. This was the historic Drake well located near Titusville, Pennsylvania it is credited with having started the American petroleum industry. The cable tool also called churn or percussion drilling method, however, did not originate in this country, but is believed to have been employed first by the early Chinese in the drilling of brine wells.1 In this method, drilling is accomplished by the...
G TFS Sv
Oj o H--jr j stroke of tools necessary to produce net energy input of G ft-lb to formation Equation 4.10 contains seven variables the following restrictions, however, may be made L slowly varying quantity and may be assumed constant to study conditions at any particular depth K,G f drilling speed, tool weight, etc. . These will be discussed later, but will be considered constants for the time being. Then we take the derivative of Si Sy with respect to W
PRESSURE PSIA Noc
Fig. 1.10. 0.80 gravity natural gas. where Bt Total formation volume factor of one barrel tank oil originally associated gas, and B0, Va Reservoir volume of oil and gas respectively. where B Reservoir volume factor for gas, i.e., volume reservoir space occupied per volume of standard gas. Rs Solution gas oil ratio see Figure 1.3 Fig. 1.11. 0.90 gravity natural gas, miscellaneous only. Fig. 1.11. 0.90 gravity natural gas, miscellaneous only. where subscript R denotes reservoir conditions....
Info Kkw
9. a What is the ideal rate of oil flow into the following well Spacing 1 well per 160 acres Sand thickness 30 ft k 200 md Depth to center of sand 5000 ft Pressure gradient for area 0.45 psi ft of depth Well diameter 12 in. Oil viscosity 5 cp Bottom hole producing pressure 2000 psig b What would be the standard rate of gas flow into the same well Hg 0.02 cp Temperature gradient in area 1.4 F 100 ft, and Ta 70 F. Ans. a q0 270 bbl d 1 b qQ 48 X 106 SCF day for 1350 ft 10. a Compute the initial...
The Composition Functions and General Nature of Rotary Drilling Fluids
Early spring-pole drillers, including the ancient Chinese, added water to the borehole as an aid to rock softening and cutting removal. Since the drilling fluid is a comparatively unimportant feature of the cable tool method, little thought was given this subject until the advent of rotary drilling. As pointed out previously, the continuous circulation of the drilling fluid mud was a principal reason for the early success of rotary tools in areas considered undrillable by the percussion method....
Cutting Removals To The Surface The Rapidity By Which Cuttings Or Removals Are
Fig. 6.5. Correlation of stormer initial gel strength with Bingham yield value. Aftef Melrose and Lilienthal7, courtesy AIME. It consists of determining the rate at which filtrate continuous liquid phase of the mud is forced from the sample under a specified pressure 100 psig . Both the filtrate volume cc's and the mud cake thickness 32nd of an inch are reported. The standard time of the test is 30 minutes, hence the water loss is reported as cc's per 30 minutes. Fig. 6.6. Standard filter press...
v t
In actual practice little specific attention is given to calculation of cutting slip velocity and rule of thumb annular velocities are applied from experience. It is generally considered that 80 to 150 ft min annular mud velocity is sufficient to clean the hole under the various conditions. The upper value might be applied in fast drilling areas and or where hole enlargement exists. The lower could apply to slow drilling, medium hard rock areas providing hole enlargement may be ignored. The...
Info Bbv
where Sw water saturation of the rock in question. Rt true resistivity of the formation, ohmmeters. The designation true is used to distinguish between this and the apparent value read from a log. Apparent values may or may not require corrections to convert them to Rt. n saturation exponent. For clean, water-wet rocks n 2 is commonly used. The precise value of n for shaley or oil-wet rocks is difficult to obtain and discussion of it is beyond our treatment. Its range for shaley sands is...
Ax
A cross sectional area of steel in the drill pipe, in.2 Substituting 1 and 2 in Eq. 9.5 and solving for L, we obtain To save looking up or computing the area A it is more convenient to use the weight per foot of the pipe, which is always known. 3 w A 12 0.283 or A u gt 12 0.283 where w weight of drill pipe, lb ft 0.283 density of steel, lb in.3 Substitution of 3 for A in Eq. 9.6 gives 9.7 Eq. 9.7 is commonly known as the stuck pipe formula.24 Example 9.14 illustrates its application. A string...
Wekht With No Stamuzerthousand Pounos 1
Fig. 9.11. Use of stabilizer. After Woods and Lubinski,8 courtesy API. 20 40 0 SO 0 20 40 S SO i 20 30 40 WE1SHT WITH STABILIZER THOUSAMO POUNDS NOTE curves fob au imiii follow oaaheo curvc downward 20 40 0 SO 0 20 40 S SO i 20 30 40 WE1SHT WITH STABILIZER THOUSAMO POUNDS NOTE curves fob au imiii follow oaaheo curvc downward 5 33 33 re B so lb 20 0
Petroleum Exploration Methods and General Leasing Practices
As could be expected, the field of oil exploration has attracted the talents of many individuals who propose to find oil with the aid of forked sticks, clothes hangers, and numerous other witching devices. The most successful methods are, however, techniques somewhat more scientific in nature and are the ones which will be briefly discussed in this chapter under the following general headings The relative success of various technical and nontechnical exploration methods are compiled annually by...
Camera S Angle Unit
Fig. 9.24. Gyroscopic multiple shot surveying instrument Surwel . Film shows direction by arrow, vertical deviation by cross, and time depth at which each picture was taken. Courtesy Sperry-Sun Well Surveying Company. drives the chisel-shaped nose into the formation. When sufficient weight is applied, the shear pin fails, allowing the bit to rotate and drill off the face, as shown in Figure 9.22. The face is a concave groove with the desired deflection. After a few feet 10 to 20 have been...
Rotary Drilling Hydraulics
Proper utilization of mud pump horsepower is of considerable importance to rotary drilling operations. Analytical appraisal of the rig's circulating system requires an understanding of the components which consume power, so that the available energy may be used as advantageously as possible. The standard hydraulics approach to such analyses is hindered by numerous factors, among which are 1 Mud flow property peculiarities, as discussed in Chapter 6 2 Irregularities of the circulating system....
Circulation Kategallons Per Minute 1
Fig. 7.3. Pressure losses in surface connections. Courtesy Hughes Tool Company. 8. Annular loss around drill collars The critical velocity for this section is f 0.0062 0.0062 10 500 15.9 2 1.08 30 1.08V 30 2 9.3 10 1.125 2 10 7. Pressure drop across bit This is a jet bit with a nozzle coefficient of 0.95 therefore, Eq. 7.16, corrected for multiple nozzles, is used. where d equivalent single nozzle diameter for use in Eq. 7.13. a qW 308 2 10 Pb 7430c2d4 7430 0.95 2 0.704 4 580 psi Note Step a...
Largest Fracture Sealed
Fig. 6.18. Summary of lost circulation tests. After Howard and Scott,32 courtesy AIME. Fig. 6.18. Summary of lost circulation tests. After Howard and Scott,32 courtesy AIME. Other smaller particles will then bridge in the openings between the larger, previously bridged particles. This process will continue until the openings become quite small and the problem becomes one of filtration. Visualization of this process implies that the particle size distribution should be considered, so that the...
Rotary Drilling Techniques
Rotary drilling includes many separate techniques or practices which have been developed through field experience and or analytical appraisals. In this chapter we will discuss three such operations, namely 1 Control of hole deviation in essentially vertical wells vertical drilling 2 Control of hole deviation in wells which are intentionally aimed at horizontally displaced bottom hole targets directional drilling 3 Retrieving undesirable objects from the hole in particular, portions of the drill...