The basic ingredient of calcium chloridecalcium bromide brines
CaCl2 CaBr2 is a calcium bromide solution that ranges in density from 14.1 to 14.3 ppg 1.72 SG the pH range is 7.0 to 7.5. The density of CaBr2 brine can be increased by adding calcium chloride pellets or flakes. However, a 1.81 S.G. CaCl2 CaBr2 solution crystallizes at approximately 65 F 18 C . CaCl2 CaBr2 brine can be diluted by adding a CaCl2 brine weighing 11.6 ppg 1.39 SG . The corrosion rate for CaCl2 CaBr2 is no more than5 mm per year on N-80 steel coupons at 300 F 149 C . If a...
Info
The drill string is defined here as drill pipe with tool joints and drill collars. The stem consists of the drill string and other components of the drilling assembly that may include the following items Information gathering tools Copyright 2010, William Lyons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 56 2. DRILL STRING COMPOSITION AND DESIGN The drill stem 1 transmits power by rotary motion from the surface to a rock bit, 2 conveys drilling fluid to the rock bit, 3 produces the weight...
Drilling Fluid Additives
Each drilling fluid vendor provides a wide array of basic and specialty chemicals to meet the needs of the drilling industry. The general classification of drilling fluid additives below is based on the definitions of the International Association of Drilling Contractors IADC A. Alkalinity or pH control additives are products designed to control the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a drilling fluid. These additives include lime, caustic soda, and bicarbonate of soda. B. Bactericides reduce...
Shale Characterization Testing
Capillary Suction Time CST Inhibition testing looks at the inhibitive nature of a drilling fluid filtrate when exposed to formation shale samples. The CST is one of many tests that are run routinely on shale samples to optimize the mud chemistry of a water-base fluid. Linear-Swell Meter LSM Another diagnostic test to determine the inhibitive nature of a drilling fluid on field shale samples. The LSM looks at long-term exposure of a fluid filtrate to a formation shale sample. Test times for LSM...
Drill String Composition And Design
2.1.1 Selecting Drill Collar Size 57 2.1.2 Length of Drill Collars 60 2.1.3 Drill Collar Connections 63 2.1.4 Recommended Makeup Torque for Drill Collars 68 2.1.6 Rig Maintenance of Drill Collars 80 2.2.1 Classification of Drill Pipe 169 2.2.2 Load Capacity of Drill Pipe 174 2.2.5 Heavy-Weight Drill Pipe 181 2.2.6 Fatigue Damage to Drill Pipe 184 2.3 Drill String Inspection Procedure 186 2.3.1 Drill String Design 187
Completion And Workover Fluids
Completion and workover fluids are any fluids used in the completion of a well or in a workover operation. These fluids range from low-density 1.4 COMPLETION AND WORKOVER FLUIDS TABLE 1.7 Aromatic Content Standards Base fluid biodegradation Equal to or better than a 65 35 Ratio 0.8 blend of C16 C18 internal olefin in a 275-day test. Tested once per year. Ratio of IO result compared with base fluid must be calculated at 1.0 or less. Base fluid biodegradation Equal to or better than a 65 35 Ratio...
Specialized Filtration Testing
FANN 90 Dynamic filtration testing of a drilling fluid under pressure and temperature. This test determines if the fluid is properly conditioned to drill through highly permeable formations. The test results include two numbers the dynamic filtration rate and the cake deposition index CDI . The dynamic filtration rate is calculated from the slope of the curve of volume versus time. The CDI, which reflects the erodability of the wall cake, is calculated from the slope of the curve of volume time...
Chapter FISHING OPERATIONS AND EQUIPMENT
7.2 Pipe Recovery and Free Point 341 7.3.3 Internal Mechanical Cutter 344 7.3.4 Outside Mechanical Cutter 344 7.3.7 Washover Back-off Safety Joint Washover Procedures 347 7.4 Jars, Bumper Subs and Intensifiers 349 7.4.1 Drill Collars in a Jarring Assembly 350 7.4.2 Fluid Accelerator or Intensifier 351 7.5.2 Skirted Screw-in Assembly 354 7.5.3 External Engaging Devices 355 7.5.4 Series 150 Releasing and Circulating Overshot 355 7.5.5 High-Pressure Pack-Off 356 7.5.6 Oversize Cutlip Guide 359...
Chapter TUBING AND TUBING STRING DESIGN
10.1 API Physical Property Specifications 509 10.1.1 Dimensions, Weights and Lengths 509 10.1.2 Performance Properties 520 10.2 Running and Pulling Tubing 520 10.3 Preparation and Inspection before Running 520 10.3.1 Stabbing, Making Up and Lowering 525 10.3.4 Causes of Tubing Trouble 531 10.3.5 Selection of Wall Thickness and Steel Grade of Tubing 532 10.3.6 Tubing Elongation Contraction Due to the Effect of Changes in Pressure and Temperature 533 10.3.7 Packer-To-Tubing Force 535 10.3.8...
Drill Collar
The term drill collar derived from the short sub originally used to connect the bit to the drill pipe. Amodern drill collar is about 30 ft long, and the total length of the string of drill collars may range from about 100 to 700 ft or longer. The purpose of drill collars is to furnish weight to the bit. However, the size and length of drill collars have an effect on bit performance, hold deviation, and drill pipe service life. Drill collars maybe classified according to the shape of their...
IEnvironmental Aspects of Drilling Fluids
Much attention has been given to the environmental aspects of the drilling operation and the drilling fluid components. Well-deserved concern about the possibility of polluting underground water supplies and of damaging marine organisms, as well as effects on soil productivity and surface water quality, has stimulated widespread studies on this subject. Drilling Fluid Toxicity There are three contributing mechanisms of toxicity in drilling fluids chemistry of mud mixing and treatment, storage...
Drill Collar 1
FIGURE 2.5 Practical chart for drill collar selection 2- 2-in. ID. From Drilco, Division of Smith International, Inc. .
WaterBase Muds Testing
To accurately determine the physical properties of water-based drilling fluids, examination of the fluid is required in a field laboratory setting. In many cases, this consists of a few simple tests conducted by the derrickman or mud Engineer at the rigsite. The procedures for conducting all routine drilling fluid testing can be found in the American Petroleum Institute's API RPB13B. Density Often referred to as the mud weight, density maybe expressed as pounds per gallon lb gal , pounds per...
And Operations
AMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Gulf Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Gulf Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Oxford OX5 1GB Copyright 2010, William Lyons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. The right of William Lyons to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted with the Copyright, Designs and Patents...
OilBase and SyntheticBase Muds Nonaqueous Fluids Testing
The field tests for rheology, mud density, and gel strength are accomplished in the same manner as outlined for water-based muds. The maindif-ference is that rheology is tested at a specific temperature, usually 120 F or 150 F. Because oils tend to thin with temperature, heating fluid is required and should be reported on the API Mud Report. Sand Content Sand content measurement is the same as for water-base muds except that the mud's base oil instead of water should be used for dilution. The...